A company called The Energy Project, are experts in the field of work performance and the problem of employee disengagement. They believed that burnout is one of its leading causes, and focused almost exclusively on helping individuals avoid burnouts by managing their energy, as opposed to their time. Time, after all, is finite. By contrast, you can expand your personal energy and also regularly renew it.

They believe that enduring organizational change is possible only if individuals alter their attitudes and behaviors first. But they’ve come to understand that it’s not possible to generate lasting cultural change without deeply involving the whole organization and its senior leadership.

To achieve better Productivity, they encouraged organizations to make two fundamental shifts in the way it manages employees:

1. Stop expecting people to operate like computers—at high speeds, continuously, running multiple programs at the same time—and to recognize that human beings perform best and are most productive when they alternate between periods of intense focus and intermittent renewal.
2. Move from trying to get more out of employees and instead to invest in systematically meeting their four core needs, so they’re fueled and inspired to bring more of themselves to work every day.

Four core needs are:

1. Physical health: achieved through nutrition, sleep, daytime renewal, and exercise
2. Emotional well-being: which grows out of feeling appreciated and valued
3. Mental clarity: the ability to focus intensely, prioritize, and think creatively and
4. Spiritual significance : which comes from the feeling of serving a mission beyond generating a profit.

Several companywide initiatives can help employees boost their energy in the four core areas. For example companies can subsidize healthy meals and a salad bar at their on-site restaurant that’s open to all employees. Hire a dietician on staff and employees can get free consultations. Build new, fully equipped gym and created a large open, grassy commons area where people can hang out and relax. To help employees recharge themselves on a spiritual level, companies can offers its employees paid time off each month to volunteer their services to nonprofits and organizes specific volunteer opportunities for them.

Original Article: The Productivity Paradox: How Sony Pictures Gets More Out of People by Demanding Less

I don’t think productivity is directly influenced by time alone. There are other important factors which make it or break it.

• There are days when I can get a lot done in lot less time and other days life moves slower than a snail.
• There are days when I can stay very focused and productive for up to 15-16 hrs and there are days when couple of hours of work seems like torture.
• There are certain type of tasks that I can get very productive very quickly and certain type of tasks which takes times to get into the flow.
• If I have a vested interest (financial, reputation, learning, etc.), I train myself to stay focused and productive longer (can back-fire as well.)
• There are phases of one’s life when one can clock in more hours and there are phases where one cannot; other things are higher priority. If forced (soft or hard), it usually leads to wrong behavior.
• I’ve seen many people who are very deadline driven (including myself.) I get a lot done when I’m working against hard deadlines. Yes, quality certainly takes a hit, but in many cases delivering slightly lower quality stuff is more important than not delivering at all or delivering later.

If we look at these various aspects, we get close to a start-up environment. And under these conditions, we do see teams being quite productive and delivering interesting products.

Applying this in a different context/environment usually back-fires.

What do you think?

This blog post was trigger by Tim Berry's blog post on Productivity Paradox: Maybe Less is More.

Often I find developers and managers who claim they understand the advantages of Pair Programming and are bought into the concept, but they are really concerned about loss of productivity.

This morning when I watched the following video, I thought, we could use this as an excellent example of what pairing can help you achieve.

My premise:

We are in the business of building software and this process requires craft and skill, rather than a series of manual steps. Programming requires lot of thinking, creating abstractions, figuring out the logic and trying out things. Its an evolutionary, iterative and collaborative process. Its a lot more than just typing code using the keyboard (or even worse, using the mouse).

If you resonate with the philosophy stated above, then you should be able to understand how pair programming can make it easier or more feasible to create master pieces that could be extremely difficult or rare for one individual to single-handedly create.

An introductory slide deck on Pair Programming:

Let me ask you, what do you mean by productivity?

Number of Lines of Code (LoC) committed per unit time….ahhh….I know measuring LoC is a professional malpractice.

May be, number of features committed per unit time….ahhh….ok…it does not end when I commit the code, it also has to be approved by the QA. So lets say number of features approved by the QA per unit time.

Well all my features are not of same size and they don’t add same value. So really measuring number of features does not give a true picture of productivity. Also just because the QA approved the feature, it does not mean anything. There could be bugs or change requests coming from production.

How about using function points or story points or something like that?

Really? You are not kidding right?

Let me ask you something, what is the goal of software development?

Building software is not an end in itself. Its a means to:

• Enabling your users to be more productive. Making their life easier.
• Helping them to solve real business problems, faster and better
• Providing them a competitive edge
• Providing new services that could not be possible before
• Enabling users to share and find information more rapidly, conveniently
• Automating and simplifying their existing (business) process/workflow
• Innovating and creating kewl stuff to play with
• And of course making money in the process
• And so on…

Keeping this in mind, its lame to measure or think about productivity as amount of software created. I’ve never meet an user who wants more software. What users want is, to solve their problems or to enable them with the least amount of software. (no software is even better).

To be able to really help your users, you need to build the least amount of software that will not only solve the problem but will also delight them. Get them addicted to your software. IMHO, that’s the real goal of software development. One needs to use this goal to measure productivity (or anything useful for that matter).

So

• Checking-in code
• Having the QA approve it
• Having it deployed in production

None of these is worth measuring. For a minute, get out of your tunnel visioned coding world and think about the bigger context in which you operate. Life is much bigger. Local optimization does not really help.

I recommend you read my post about: Why should I bother to learn and practice TDD?

Yeah, Yet Another Blog on Pairing and Pair Programming.

Question. What are the disadvantages of Pairing?

My experience with pairing has been good so far. I‘m not too sure if I can really point out disadvantages. But here are some things to be aware of.

1. One thing that does bother me a little is, it can get into the way of your creative thought process sometimes. But most of the times, I‘m happy with the end results.
2. Some people also complain about the trashing of ideas that goes on when people pair. It might feel like the pair is wasting a lot of time just abstracting arguing about the approach or their understanding of the problem at hand. Again, this is not really a disadvantage of pairing. Any time you have more than one person, there will be differences in their perception and approach. According to me, it better to clarify them sooner than later. Usually if the pair cannot converge on one approach, one of them drives [implements] her/his approach. If it works, they move on, else the other person drives her/his approach. Lot of times they come up with a 3rd solution which is better than both individual approach.
3. There might be other interpersonal issues that could arise while pairing. But its better to resolve them rather than ignoring them. And it‘s not unique to pairing. Any team activity would have the same issues. A good example that comes to my mind is ego clashes between people. It‘s better to resolve it rather than letting it grow.

Couple of things one should remember:

1. Pair programming is not about typing code. If you have watched a really good pair programming session, there is very little typing and more of communication/discussion. Designing good systems is not about typing code, it needs a lot of brainstorming. No I‘m not suggesting big upfront brainstorming sessions. You need Just-In-Time brainstorming. Closer to the time of implementation. Also people often under-value the feedback they get from code. Everyday I learn from my code and from other people on my team.
2. Pairing is not just limited to programming. We do a lot of cross-functional pairing. Developer pairing with the Business Analyst to write automated acceptance tests. Developers pairing with QA to recreate bugs. QA pairing with BA to do exploratory testing and so forth.

Question. Some people do not want to pair program, they are lone contributors and pairing slows them down, they just stop thinking, they feel less productivity. How do you deal with this? Can we possibly reduce pair programming hours? May be ask people to work separately for 2 hours and sit for 30 minutes to pair program.

Like any skill/habit, people take time to learn it.

When I was in University, the natural thing to do for me was to work with others [Profs and students]. I learned programming by working with other students [pairs]. Once I joined a software company, I was given a sound-proof cubical. I drifted on my own and after a while I got used to working on your own. Changing this habit back to working with another person took some time [a week or two]. But the people I was pairing with were really good and there was a motivation to pair with them. After that I don‘t see “the pair slowing me down“ thing happening much.

Every single time I‘ve worked with a team, “lower productivity” comes up as the first argument against pairing. Laurie Williams of the University of Utah in Salt Lake City has shown that paired programmers are only 15% slower than two independent individual programmers, but produce 15% fewer bugs. Since testing and debugging are often many times more costly than initial programming, this is an impressive result. There have been a lot of other studies, which prove that lower productivity due to pairing is a myth.

While we are on the topic of productivity, let me back up a bit. How do you define productivity? Amount of work done in an hour or day or sprint/iteration? This looks short-sighted. We are talking about software project which has a life span bigger than hours or days or sprints/iterations. Shouldn’t one consider, UAT bugs, production bugs, support calls, ramp up time for new team members, maintaining all kinds of crazy documents, etc?

Faster learning, better communication, collective code ownership, shared understanding, evolutionary design, better estimates, continuous code review, etc all go hand in hand with Pair programming.

So I would strongly discourage people working separately for 2 hrs and pairing for 30 mins as a regular practice. I would reverse the time.

Often on teams, people want time to check their emails, answer some calls, go to meetings, etc. These things do come in the way of pairing 8 hrs a day. So what we do on most teams is to have core-pairing hours.

For Ex:

• 08:50 : 09:00 – We have our stand up meeting
• 09:30 : 12:30 – We have the first core pairing session.
• 12:30 : 02:00 – People are free to do other stuff and lunch.
• 02:00 : 03:00 – Any team meetings if required.
• 03:00 : 05:30 – We have another pairing session.

Sometimes we have another stand up at 5:30.

So in an 8 hr day, we at least have 5.5 hrs of pairing. Remember pairing can be very intense and it could drain you out. So its usually not recommended to pair for more than 8 hrs everyday.

There is always going to be resistance to pairing. The biggest reason I have found so far in 10 years is, fear of exposing how much one knows to others. My theory is, usually junior people are much open to pairing, coz everyone expects that they don‘t know much and they don‘t really have any fear of exposure. Also they feel they can learn much faster that way. On the other hand, people who want to hide in their cubical will always resist it with irrational/unacceptable reasons.

The best thing to do is have an open team discussion on this topic. Challenge people in front of the whole team. Ask for facts.

IMHO, Pair programming is not effective in the following cases:

1. If you don‘t have a team room and team members are not sitting at a common table. If people go back to their cubical and try to pair, it is usually not effective. Most cubicles are built for one person to sit in. Trying to fit 2 people in there, mean one person is always going to look over the shoulder of the person driving.
2. If your are not following Promiscuous pair programming. If your pairs are not swapping frequently [at least once a day], then you are going back to old ways of programming. Instead of one person now you have 2 people. So what? You need more pair of eyes. You need collective code ownership and not pair code ownership. Please note Promiscuous means “making relatively unselective, casual and indiscriminate choices.”  Pod cast and Slides.
3. If developers are not involved in estimation and planning. If there is no collective ownership and self-organization.
4. If you already have spend more than 30% of your project budget on BIG UPFRONT DESIGN. And if you have architects on the team who don‘t want to pair but just want to create fancy documents and throw it over the wall.
5. If your manager assigns tasks to the pairs

Question. Some people want to pair program, but they do not pair well, i.e. though they are looking at the same computer but they are actually planning a vacation, i know this may sound ridiculous but it happens. How do you deal with this?

Talk to them. Very very important. Understanding their issues is most important. You cannot afford any communication gap.

Encourage them to try ping-pong pair programming.

Question. Where can we find a demo of good and bad pair programing?

At the end of the Programming With the Stars @ the Agile Mumbai 2010 conference, based on public demand, J. B. Rainsberger and yours truly did a 6 min public demo of Pair Programming. We started with an Ugly Pairing session, trying to show-case some pairing anti-patterns.

Followed by a normal pairing session:

Question. What does a really good pair programming experience feel like?

When each programmer has an implementation/design in mind, but in the process of pairing we end up with a 3rd, much better solution. The collaborative attitude and mutual respect amongst the pairs is very important.

Question. What does a really *bad* pair programming experience feel like?

When wavelengths don’t match and each programmer just wants to prove their point. Or Programming with someone who just does not care about the craft. If I was coaching them, these might be a good opportunity to educate them, but when trying to rapidly build world class products we don’t have time for this. Hence these are bad experiences from a pairing point of view, but good from coaching point of view.

Question. What setup makes pairing experience enjoyable? Both sharing one machine? Both sharing a single keyboard, mouse & screen Or Two keyboards, two mice & two screens?

I’ve paired for 10+ years now and based on that experience I don’t think any of these things matter. The attitude of the pairs matter exponentially more than the set up.

Question. In your good pairing experience, what best describes how you worked together?

1. We were both focused on the code, and probably shared the keyboard fluidly.
2. We were both focused on the code, and passed the keyboard according to a system (like ping-pong or popcorn pairing)
3. One pair sat back and watched while the other coded, and we traded occasionally
4. One pair did research or worked on something else while the other coded

While pairing, coding is a very small activity. What is most valuable is discovering an approach/solution through collaboration. Hence I would say who code does not really matter to me any more, as far as the pairs agree on the approach and then constantly inspect and adapt the approach.

Question. Some tasks do not seem fit for pair programming at all, they are too routine/mundane to have a pair work on them. Do you see this happening?

I often hear research, reading a book, searching on the net, learning new technology, documentation, etc. fit into this category.

I do most of these along with my pair and I find it really helpful and fast.

For Ex: While searching for something on the net, one might go to Google and start entering their search criteria. I often spend a lot of time refining my search criteria. While, when I‘m pairing, we discuss the search criteria, refine it and in the process always come up with a better search criteria, than the one I would have come up with myself.

Documentation is another very good example. Documentation is very similar to programming to me. There is something in your head, that you want to communicate. By working with a pair, one can ensure that what is been documented/expressed, is understandable by at least one other person. You might be making a lot of assumptions that are not clear to other people. Hopefully your pair will challenge some of those assumptions, leading to more understandable documents and hence better quality of the document.

I tend to pair on all these tasks, coz there is some knowledge involved in these tasks. I would like my team members to be aware of how to accomplish similar tasks later.

One of the things I have noticed in the past is, if its a single person trying to do these kind of tasks, they might be motivated to just manually do it and get done with it. Or sometimes, they might spend days together coming up with a framework to accomplish the task. But if a pair is working on it,

A [one of them] might say, “you know what, we might want to create this thing again and again, lets just quickly automate this“.
B might say, “but automating this might take 4 times more time than what we have estimated for this“
A: “Really, I was just thinking of writing an ant target to do this“
B: “Ohh…Yeah that‘s a good idea. But I‘m not very well versed with Ant“
A: “I have done some work with Ant, so I think we can get this done in 30 mins“
B: “Excellent! Lets get rolling”

You see…whenever there is learning involved, quality of end product is much better. Never under-estimate the outcome of 2 brains at work.

Question. What about remote pairing?

Since I’ve started working for Industrial Logic, I’ve spent a lot of time time pair programming with folks in the US. Yes, we do Remote Pair Programming.

Quite a few people have asked me:

• What special editor or tool we use for remote pairing?
• How effective is the pairing?
• How much time is spent in setup each time?
• How long does it take for one to get used to remote pairing?

Here is my answer:

The most important part of pairing is free flow of ideas between the 2 individuals. Its about the brains of the 2 individuals being at the same wavelength so communication can truly take place. Tools can certainly disrupt or get in the way of this flow. But IMHO the individuals contribute 80% towards the success of the pairing experience, tools contribute 20%. Skype with Video Sharing lets us achieve 80%. Better tools might improve that. We’ve experimented with some Eclipse based plugins, all of them have their trade-offs. There is no clear winner. Also on our team since we’re all used to Skype for conference calls, the threshold to get started is very low. So my recommendation is to get started with simple tools, something that you are already familiar with. When starting anything new, focus on the crux and not on the peripheral stuff.

Question. Won’t Pair Program kill our Productivity?

Often I find developers and managers who claim they understand the advantages of Pair Programming and are bought into the concept, but they are really concerned about loss of productivity.

This morning when I watched the following video, I thought, we could use this as an excellent example of what pairing can help you achieve.

My premise:

We are in the business of building software and this process requires craft and skill, rather than a series of manual steps. Programming requires lot of thinking, creating abstractions, figuring out the logic and trying out things. Its an evolutionary, iterative and collaborative process. Its a lot more than just typing code using the keyboard (or even worse, using the mouse).

If you resonate with the philosophy stated above, then you should be able to understand how pair programming can make it easier or more feasible to create master pieces that could be extremely difficult or rare for one individual to single-handedly create.